Medullary thyroid carcinoma(MTC) is a kind of rarely malignant neuroendocrine tumor, which has strong invasiveness and poor prognosis in clinics. MTC is oft en at an advanced stage in unsuspected patients owing to the inhere nt limitations of conventional techniques in medical imaging and pathological diagnosis. Therefore, the accurate and sensitive approaches are highly desirable for the early diagnosis and effective therapy of MTC. Recently, the genetic diagnosis technologies have att racted much att ention based on the molecular pathogenesis of MTC, especially for the multiple microRNA(miRNA) with aberrant expression and postt ranscriptional regulation in tumor, providing the great potential for early diagnosis, precise prognosis and effective gene therapeutics.