Lung cancer is an aggressive tumor whose mortality is closely related to late diagnosis. Early diagnosis can effectively improve the cure rate and reduce the burden of disease in society. Currently, low-dose chest computed tomography is the mainstream screening method, but there are some problems such as high cost and false positives, and the lung cancer screening of non-invasive biomarkers is an urgent clinical need. This review summarizes the current status of promising candidate biomarkers, such as blood protein profiles, autoantibodies, miRNA, circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and volatile organic compounds in exhaled gas. Additionally, the prospect of future development is predicted to provide reference for the development of early diagnosis of lung cancer.