Objective To observe the impact of non-invasive ventilation combined with progressive lung rehabilitation training on improving lung function and prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.Methods This article is a prospective study that randomly selected 100 COPD patients admitted between June 2020 and April 2022 as the study subjects. They were divided into a conventional group (50 cases) and a combined group (50 cases) using a digital table method. The conventional group received routine drug therapy combined with progressive lung rehabilitation training, while the combined group received non-invasive ventilator assisted intervention. All patients underwent a one-year follow-up to compare the inflammatory indicators, pulmonary arterial blood gas indicators, pulmonary function, related symptoms, and survival improvement of the two groups before and after treatment.Results After intervention, the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the combined group were 125.33±20.66 ng/L and 133.49±20.72 pg/mL, respectively, lower than those in the conventional group (140.35±20.47 ng/L and 150.36±20.24 pg/mL) (P<0.05). After intervention, the SO₂ and PO₂ levels in the combined group were 96.26%±5.44% and 83.35±10.47 mmHg, respectively, which were higher than those in the conventional group (93.21%±5.25% and 77.36±10.25 mmHg). The PCO₂ levels were 40.23±10.12 mmHg, which were lower than those in the conventional group 45.66±10.27 mmHg (P<0.05). The FEV1, FVC, and MVV of the combined group after intervention were 57.72%±10.46%, 2.76±0.45 L, and 67.25±10.41 L/min, respectively, higher than those of the conventional group (51.69%±10.33%, 2.31±0.26 L, and 62.33±10.23 L/min) (P<0.05). During the follow-up period, the mMRC and CAT scores of the combined group were 2.25±0.36 points and 20.33±5.45 points, respectively, which were lower than those of the conventional group (2.88±0.26 points, 23.44±5.15 points). The QLICD-COPD score was 78.22±10.36, which was higher than that of the conventional group (72.11±10.49) (P<0.05).Conclusion The combination of non-invasive ventilation and progressive lung rehabilitation training can effectively alleviate pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary arterial blood gas indicators in COPD patients, promote the recovery of lung function and related symptoms, and improve the quality of life of patients with positive significance.