Objective To analyze the risk factors for recurrence within one year after radical surgery for thyroid cancer.Methods Seventy patients with thyroid cancer who underwent radical surgery in at Jiyuan Second People's Hospital from January 2021 to February 2023 were selected. They were divided into a recurrence group (n=17) and a non-recurrence group (n=53) based on whether recurrence occurred within one year after surgery. Clinical data of the two groups were collected and analyzed to identify the influencing factors for recurrence within one year after radical surgery for thyroid cancer.Results The recurrence group had a significantly higher proportion of patients with the following characteristics compared with the non-recurrence group (P<0.05): no postoperative ¹³¹I therapy, tumor diameter ≥5 cm, preoperative lymph node metastasis, undifferentiated carcinoma, TNM stage III+IV, and glandular capsule infiltration. Furthermore, levels of thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) were higher, while the level of microRNA (miRNA)-335 was lower in the recurrence group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that absence of postoperative ¹³¹I therapy, tumor diameter, preoperative lymph node metastasis, undifferentiated carcinoma, TNM stage, glandular capsule infiltration, miRNA-335 expression, and levels of Tg and TgAb were independent risk factors for recurrence within one year (P<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the areas under the curve of serum miRNA-335, Tg, and TgAb for predicting recurrence of thyroid cancer within one year after radical surgery were 0.818, 0.821, and 0.852, respectively; the sensitivity values were 0.706, 0.824, and 0.824 and the specificity values were 0.906, 0.811, and 0.925, respectively.Conclusion Factors that affect the recurrence of thyroid cancer within one year after radical surgery include postoperative ¹³¹I treatment, tumor diameter, preoperative lymph node metastasis, undifferentiated cancer, TNM staging, glandular capsule infiltration, miRNA-335, Tg, TgAb, etc. Monitoring these indicators during follow-up could facilitate timely intervention.